How the Australian Great Barrier Reef Succeeds at Preservation and Sust

How the Australian Great Barrier Reef Succeeds at Preservation and Sustainable Use and How it Applies to a Worldwide Problem Coral bleaching is a somewhat recent phenomenon that has prompted many communities and countries around the world to enact policies and legislation that deal with their dying coral reefs. In early 1998, a mass coral bleaching event took place on the Australian Great Barrier Reef, and broad scale aerial surveys confirmed that most of the inland reefs had experienced at least some bleaching (Lally 1999). The following analysis of the Great Barrier Reef will illustrate that a successful policy process must incorporate the people who live, work, and depend on the fragile environment into the decision-making about preservation policies, regardless of the method or policy tool chosen to do so. Effective management and policy tools must also carefully weigh both extractive and non-extractive uses - to not only preserve, but also sustain, the use of the coral reef ecosystem. First, I will give some background information about why the Australian Reef is of importance and why dying reefs are a worldwide problem. I will then further explain the scientific background of what coral reefs are, what coral bleaching is, and the human activities and other factors that cause it. Second, I will further explain the issues involved with the policy process of preserving coral reefs, and which is the priority that stands above the rest. Third, I will explain who the actors are and what their roles are in the policy process. Fourth, I will define the instruments that are used to guide the policy process. Lastly, I will explain the lessons, outcomes and alternatives that exist in the policy process of preserving coral reef... ...wan, R., N. Knowlton, A. Baker and J. Jara, "Landscape ecology of algal symbionts creates variation in episodes of coral bleaching," Nature, Vol. 388, No. 6639, p. 265-269, July 1997. Warner, M.E., "The Effects of Light and Elevated Temperature on the Photosynthetic Physiology of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates: Potential Pathways To Coral Bleaching," Dissertation Abstracts International Part B: Science and Engineering, Vol. 59, No. 10, p. 5213, April 1999. Warner, M.E., W.K. Fitt and G.W. Schmidt, "Damage to photosystem II in symbiotic dinoflagellates: A determinant of coral bleaching," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 96, No. 14, p. 8007-8012, July 6, 1999. White, M. "Sensitive Marine Environments and the Regulation of Shipping: The Great Barrier Reef Experience," Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1999, p. 219-242.

Care of a Patient in Acute Pain from a Total Knee Replacement Jahaira Melendez Essay

Nursing care after a total knee replacement is very essential in promoting a speedy and safe recovery for a patient. In an attempt to replicate the knee’s natural ability to roll and glide as it bends by cutting away damaged bone and cartilage and replacing it with an artificial joint, acute pain following the procedure can be unbearable. In assisting the patient in controlling the pain would only guarantee the best recovery possible. With pain control, the patient will be able to perform follow up care and exercises to the best of their ability and over 90% of patients who undergo a total knee replacement have good results with recovery and ability to resume performing normal daily activities and minimizing the risks of complications to the surgical site. Keywords: Pain management, encouragement, total knee replacement, arthritis, prosthetic Care of a Patient in Acute Pain from a Total Knee Replacement A common medical condition seen in many aspects of the medical field is arthritis. Arthritis is the inflammation of a joint and the most common type of arthritis is osteoarthritis, also known as wear and tear. Pain from any medical condition or procedure can be very stressful to a patient and inhibit any recovery. Arthritis can be diagnosed by performing an x-ray to determine the extent of joint damage. Someone with arthritis of the knee usually has difficulty walking, climbing stairs and getting in and out of chairs. An orthopedic physician can recommend interventions. The most common joint replacement surgical intervention to help control and alleviate chronic pain for a patient is a Total Knee Replacement, also known as arthroplasty. A total knee replacement is performed to relieve moderate or severe pain and restore function in severely diseased knee joints. This procedure is not performed until pain is no longer controlled with non-operative treatment such as weight loss, activity modification, anti-inflammatory medications, joint supplements and cortisone injections. It is also not performed frequently on younger patients due to the implant wearing out quickly. An orthopedic physician would determine the type of prosthetic needed in order to achieve the most success. There are also modified implants to provide the best possible functioning with long lasting results such as partial knee, rotating knee, gender specific knee and custom knee. To perform the procedure, an orthopedic surgeon would administer general anesthesia, which means one is unconscious during operation, or spinal or epidural anesthesia in which a person is awake but cannot feel any pain from the waist down. During the procedure, the knee is in a bent position to fully expose the joint surfaces. An incision of 6 to 10 inches (15-25cm) is made on the front of the knee. The kneecap is moved aside and damaged surfaces are cut away. The femur is cut to match the corresponding surface of the metal femoral component that is placed on the end of the femur and the tibia is prepared with a flat cut on top to fit the metal and plastic tibial component that is inserted into the bone so the femoral component will slide as the knee is bent. If needed, the patella is cut flat and fitted with a plastic patella component and plastic spacers are inserted between the metal components for smooth gliding. Prior to completion, the knee is tested during surgery to ensure correct sizing and then closed with stitches or staples. The procedure would take 1 to 2 hours and recovery would be another 1 to 2 hours and then require a hospital stay of a couple of days. During the hospital stay, encouragement to move the foot and ankle to increase blood flow and prevent swelling or clots and blood thinners, support hoses or compression boots are very important. A nurse should also encourage the patient to cough regularly and take deep breaths to promote the movement of mucus that settles in the lungs during the procedure while being under anesthesia. Caring for a patient in acute pain after a procedure and managing pain levels is a very important part of recovery. Without pain control a patient will not be able to achieve recovery levels as quickly as possible without causing other injuries. Acute pain is related to tissue injury secondary to the surgical intervention. Upon discharge, teaching on follow up care is very important. A patient needs to know what to do and what to watch for as part of their recovery. Vital discharge instructions that a patient must be taught are: * When allowed to shower, usually 3 to 4 days after surgery, carefully wash incision with soap and water, rinse well and gently pat dry. Do no rub or apply creams. * Sit when showering to avoid falls. Avoid soaking to prevent infections. Try using non-slip mats, grab bars and elevated toilet seat or shower chair to prevent falls. Take pain medications as directed, do not double up doses if any doses are missed and do not drive when taking narcotics, usually about 6 weeks before it is ok to drive. * If taking a blood thinner, always verify with physician if it is ok to take Ibuprofen or any anti-inflammatory medications * Always sit in chairs with arms to make it easier to stand or sit but only 30 to 45 minutes at a time. * Sleep with pillow under ankle and keep knee straight but change leg position at night and nap if tired but don’t stay in bed all day. Wear support stockings for about 4 to 6 weeks and do not pivot, twist or kneel. * Walk up and down stairs with support, one step at a time using good knee to step up and bad knee to step down. As a fall prevention, always remove loose wires, throw rugs and have good lighting and keep items within reach. * Before and after any activity, ice the area for 30 minutes. Most importantly, teaching about potential risks such as nerve damage, stroke, and heart attack, blood clots in leg vein or lungs or infection should really be emphasized when discussing discharge instructions. Signs of infection would include increased redness, tenderness, swelling and pain of surgical site, stiffness, and fever with temperatures above 100 degrees Fahrenheit, shaking chills and drainage from site. If any of these symptoms occur, a call to the physician should be made immediately. Recovery will take several weeks during which time crutches or a walker will be needed and arrangements for transportation and everyday tasks will have to be made. Physical activity should be resumed slowly with normal household activities, a graduated walking program and knee strengthening exercises until staples or stitches are removed 2 to 3 weeks after surgery. Low impact exercising such as swimming or riding a stationary bicycle is tolerable but high impact activities such as running are not recommended due to an increased risk of joint failure because the knee joint components can loosen. During recovery from the surgical intervention, a nurses care to help control acute pain for the patient is one of the most important factors in helping a patient fully recover without further complications. Walking and knee movement begins soon after surgery so less pain would benefit the patient to move sooner and get strength back quickly. Pain control can be done with the use of analgesic and non-analgesic relief measures and reporting uncontrolled symptoms immediately. A nurse can assist with pain management interventions such as: * Performing comprehensive assessment of pain to include location, characteristics, onset, duration, frequency, quality, intensity or severity and precipitating factors. Always consider cultural differences and in non-verbal patient use the analog pain scale to evaluate pain control measures required * Reducing or eliminating increasing pain factors like fear or lack of knowledge * Teaching non pharmacological techniques like relaxation, massage, guided imagery and distraction * Checking vitals every 4 hours and neurovascular checks every hour during the first 12 to 24 hours then every 2 to 4 hours and always report any abnormal findings * Providing prescribed analgesics before activity to increase participation and assessing levels of comfort frequently * Initiating physical therapy, exercises and range of motion while teaching and reinforcing the use of techniques to prevent weight bearing on affected extremity and recommending home health or a rehabilitation facility * Monitoring incision bleeding, emptying and recording drainage every 4 hours and changing dressing every 24 to 48 hours * Encouraging increased fluid intake and high fiber diet, stool softener and a well-balanced diet with increased protein * Encouraging use of compression stockings to decrease swelling. Nursing care of a patient is very crucial in order to help the patient avoid potential complications with the prosthetic. An infected knee would require surgery to remove artificial parts and antibiotics to kill the bacteria then after clearing the infection another surgery would be required to install a new prosthetic. A nurse’s role in recovery is very important in many aspects of the patient’s care and the nurse can encourage and support the patient in building the confidence that they are able to perform the necessary steps to gain the ability to restore normal functions. Most importantly, helping the patient keep pain levels under control by whatever measures are comfortable to the patient should be first in mind. Pain can be the main factor that would prevent a patient from doing any follow care or treatment they are required to do in order to keep the prosthetic functioning adequately. The patient should be able to rely on the nurse to keep them in a comfortable state with the assistance of keeping in communication with the physician and without this patient-nurse relationship the patient would not be able to recover properly and achieve goals set as part of their recovery treatment plan.

Taking a Look at Malnutrition - 1761 Words

Malnutrition is defined as â€Å"lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat†. Some may argue that the main concept of malnutrition has to do with the amount of food and water that a certain group of people consumes in a specific location. Others are more likely to argue that it has to do with the bacteria and things that the food and water contain. It is both of these things. Malnutrition is a serious problem worldwide, but there is particular concentration in certain areas in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Not only is malnutrition an issue with the general population of people, but it is the biggest contributor to the deaths of children. There are political, economic, and cultural factors about this issue that can be analyzed to further explain the global health issue of malnutrition in children, and its international response. Malnutrition is a major topic, but what some people do not know about it is that there are many different aspects to it, which causes it to be such a broad topic. That can also leave one ignorant to a lot of the general information about all malnutrition is. Over 2 billion of the world’s population suffer from malnutrition. It is also a hidden, yet prominent cause of death in children, taking the lives of 2.6 million kids, which is a third of global child deaths. A common misconception about malnutrition is that it is only a field in itself. WhatShow MoreRelatedMalnutrition Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesCassidy Burkholder Informative Paper English Comp. 1 Mr. Broadfoot 20th of November 2012 Malnutrition Around the World For most us Americans, knowing when we’re going to eat next is something we very rarely think of, and when we do think about being hungry we still know where our food is coming from. Three big meals a day, and a few snacks in between, is how most of us live. It’s hard for us to imagine what its like for those who go days eating very little or nothing at all. ButRead MoreTaking Sides: Was Disease the Key Factor in the Depopulation of Native Americans in the Early Americas1571 Words   |  7 Pagesthe truth remains that disease was indeed brought to the early Native American culture due to European expansion. The true question is in Taking Sides, issue 2, Was Disease the Key Factor in the Depopulation of Native Americans in the Americas? In this particular issue two sides are represented; yes by Collin G. Calloway, and no by David S. Jones. Let’s take a look at Calloway’s perspective towards the issue. The most important cause of Native American depopulation, during European contact, wasRead More Causes and Effects of Homelessness Essay829 Words   |  4 Pageshomeless. When people lose their jobs and fail to find another within a reasonable amount of time, they will not be able to pay their rent or mortgage on time or even at all, causing them to look else where for shelter. Many people are not fortunate enough to have a family member that is willing, or capable, of taking them in and supporting them. The main cause of homelessness comes from people being evicted from their place of residence either by their parents, friends, or land lord. Parents will oftenRead MoreSuicide Means Cutting Short One’S Life. Many People Say1041 Words   |  5 Pagesthem up all along. Suicide can be committed due to some reasons, depending on the struggle that the victim is being faced with. There are various methods of committing suicide, such as wrist cutting, drowning, suffocation, electrocution, hanging, taking poison, starvation, dehydration, and jumping from heights. These methods apply to both animals and in human beings. Do animals commit suicide too? Did you know that animals, as small as insects, commit suicide? Well, as surprising as it is, it isRead MoreAnorexia has many negative effects as well. According to the University of Maryland Medical Centers1700 Words   |  7 Pagesgeneral population. We do not suggest that a specific relation exists between a type of eating disorder and a type of leukemia, but a protracted malnutrition state may affect general systems such as the immune system† (830-831). Although there is not a direct correlation between eating disorders and leukemia, the lack of nutrients can lead to malnutrition. When the body is weak, the immune system will weaken as well. A person is then more vulnerable to illness, or in this case leukemia. One ofRead MoreThe Moral Issue Of World Hunger887 Words   |  4 Pages Over the recent years, world hunger and poverty has been a growing issue in both the United States and across the globe. As we seen a number of times on our television screens and adversitmentes from organizations such as Oxfam who are taking the pictures of individuals who are facing victims. Children are particularly the main targets when organizations such as Oxfam want to take these pictures to show the struggles and difficulties that they are facing who needs our help more than everRead MoreGenetically Modified Food Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping, such as Mexico. A concern with genetically modified foods are the health effects, specifically in children, both boys and girls, ages three to 13 as their bodies are at their peak in development and building their immunity. This research will look at how available foods, including those genetically modified, in the United States compares to that of in Mexico; how these foods affect the physical development of a growing child; and what the overall quality of food and water is like in these developedRead MoreThe Impact of Genetically Modified Foods1368 Words   |  6 Pagesappropriately to ensure safety of pollinators. A reported case in the U.S. has also proven the fact that genetic engineering is on its way to destroy our Mother Nature since now we rarely see the naturally growing fruits or vegetables in the farm. Taking a look on the other side of the coin,GM foods are not wrong or even evil. Though, allowing the growth of GM crops in farming for general population consumption, without appropriate scientifically-based studies is not ultimately a good strategy. DangersRead MoreOverpopulation Is a Growing Problem Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesdepletion and a range of social maladies across the planet (Tal, 2013). If you look at the world most of the countries that are dealing with these problems it is due to overpopulation. Impoverished countries do not have the money or resources to help them overcome this issue (Tal, 2013). Impoverished countries also do not have the medicine or technology to even prevent the most common of illnesses (Tal, 2013). Malnutrition is also affecting humans in impoverished countries. Over population also leadsRead MoreEssay on Check It985 Words   |  4 Pagesaccount for her inability to keep her family clean? Why is it futile for her to seek a job? f. What is the distinction between â€Å"hunger† and â€Å"malnutrition† that she makes in paragraph 11? Why does she deny the usefulness of school lunch program? In paragraph eleven she states that â€Å"hunger† is when a person does not have anything to eat; and, â€Å"malnutrition† is when a person does not eat healthy food. She denies the usefulness of school lunch programs because her children do not have the necessities

The Hero’s Death in the Epic of Beowulf Essay - 1203 Words

The Hero’s Death in Beowulf Some literary scholars maintain that Beowulf developed character flaws through the course of the long narrative poem, and that at the time of his death he was a victim of pride, avarice, selfishness and an inordinate craving for glory. The purpose of this essay is to show that he was a tremendous hero from beginning to end. Towards the end of the poem, when the fire-dragon ravaged the Geatish land and burned down King Beowulf’s mead-hall: To the good king it was great anguish, pain deep in mind. The wise man believed he . . . had broken the old law; his breast welled†¦show more content†¦And he is fully willing to sacrifice his very life for this: â€Å"†¦ I alone will fulfill the wish of your people †¦ or die in the foe’s grasp.† Beowulf consciously chooses to act in a superhuman manner: â€Å"I shall perform the deeds of a hero or I have passed my last day in this mead hall.† Even Grendel recognizes the hero’s superior strength: â€Å"The criminal knew he had not met in this middle-earth another with such a grip.† Other warriors when thinking of Beowulf â€Å"would quickly compose a skillful tale in words.† Hrothgar refers to Beowulf as â€Å"the best of warriors.† The Danish queen Wealhtheow compliments after Grendel’s defeat, â€Å"You have earned forever the praise of men from near and far.† Hrothgar expounds on good warriors: â€Å"This is the best-born man – my friend Beowulf †¦ the best of warriors.† When the dragon burns the mead hall of the Geats and Beowulf prepares to retaliate, he â€Å"scorned a host, a large army †¦ he didn’t fear the dragon’s war †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Beowulf is also superior in a moral sense: Whe n Hygelac’s wife Hygd previously offered Beowulf the kingdom, he declined to accept because there was a legitimate heir to the throne. Beowulf’s example of extreme heroism motivates others to extraordinary deeds: Wiglaf, seeing Beowulf’s strength compromised by the dragon’s fire, risks his life to aid Beowulf in his final battle. It is obvious that the hero possesses superhuman qualities. AsShow MoreRelatedThree Elements Of The Heros Journey In Beowulf994 Words   |  4 Pagescorners of the world all follow the hero’s journey, a system coined by Joseph Campbell. Elements of the hero’s journey can be found in every single story, from Harry Potter to Paradise Lost. The hero’s journey is in every story, and especially in the epic poem Beowulf. Beowulf has all the trappings of a memorable story. There are beasts, and a shining hero, as well as honor and loyalty. Beowulf also follows the Hero’s journey, if not distinctly. The epic poem Beowulf holds many similarities to JosephRead MoreThe Labors And Death Of Heracles And Beowulf915 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many myths and epics that involve a hero’s journey in them. Two readings are â€Å"The Labors and Death of Heracles† and â€Å"Beowulf†. Heracles story involves him accidentally killing his children, and to try to redeem himself he has to complete ten tasks by himself for those tasks to count. The gods offered him immortality upon completion of those labors. Beowulf was about a strong man from the Geats named Beowulf. He heard stories about the ferocious monster named Grendel that was terrorizingRead MoreHeroes and How to Represent Them929 Words   |  4 PagesJourney: Mythic Structure for writers, a hero’s journey requires many inner strength and functions. One of these functions is growth. Growth meaning growing from a young man into an older one. When you go from you acquire knowledge and that is what happened to the se heroes. This growth occasionally shows through the collection of the hero’s knowledge and wisdom which helps the hero gain strength while conquering obstacles on his journey. The obstacle tests the hero’s power to determine if the hero willRead MoreThe Hero’S Quest Is Commonly Divided Into Three Groups:1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe Hero’s Quest is commonly divided into three groups: the Departure, the Initiation, and the Return. Each group has its own steps that a typical epic poem’s hero would follow on his quest. In the epic poem, Beowulf, the unknown author uses several steps of the Hero’s Quest to make Beowulf seem like a typical epic hero that follows the Hero’s Quest. The first step of the Departure is the Call to Adventure; this is the point in the hero’s life when he is informed that he will have to go on a questRead MoreThe Hero’S Quest. The Hero’S Quest Is Commonly Divided1248 Words   |  5 Pages The Hero’s Quest The Hero’s Quest is commonly divided into three groups: the Departure, the Initiation, and the Return. Each group has its own steps that a typical epic poem’s hero would follow on his quest. In the epic poem, Beowulf, the unknown author uses several steps of the Hero’s Quest to make Beowulf seem like a typical epic hero that follows the Hero’s Quest. The first step of the Departure is the Call to Adventure; this is the point in the hero’s life when he is informed that he willRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Beowulf As Symbolized By His Swords942 Words   |  4 PagesThe Characteristics of Beowulf as Symbolized by His Swords In Beowulf, the unknown bard employs the use of swords as symbols to display the true nature of the epic hero. Throughout Beowulf, swords play a large role of simply a hero’s weapon of choice; however, the motif of swords are crucial to the development of many of the epic poem’s characters, especially Beowulf himself (Culbert 13). The reader is able to perceive Beowulf’s pride, loyalty, and strength all through the bond with his swords;Read MoreThe Ultimate Hero s Quest1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ultimate Hero’s Quest The Hero’s Quest is an archetypal journey a character embarks on, representing their quest of overcoming an obstacle and becoming a hero. The Hero’s Quest follows a specific pattern of stages the hero goes through on their quest. Typically this hero goes through great physical, mental and lifestyle changes to transform from a normal person into a hero on one quest, attempting to overcome one obstacle. Beowulf is an epic poem written during the time of the Anglo-Saxons;Read MorePoem Analysis : Beowulf 1619 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 5, 2015 Beowulf is renowned as the oldest poem written in the English language, thought to be written over 1500 years ago this epic poem is still being heavily studied and compared to modern literature regularly. The protagonist, named Beowulf is a great warrior whose called to defend the Danes from the vicious attack of many monsters. Many would label this call to action as the start of his hero’s journey, although it isn’t an ancient concept by any means, the hero’s journey is one continuallyRead MoreEssay on Beowulf and the Heros Journey1073 Words   |  5 PagesJoseph Campbell’s term monomyth can be described as a hero’s journey. Many heroic characters follow the monomyth, no matter the time period or culture the literature was created in. The poem Beowulf is known to follow the adventure of the hero described in Campbell’s monomyth . The hero’s journey consists of three rites of passages: separation, initiation, and return. Beowulf e ndures each of these stages throughout the epic poem, so his journey does follow Campbell’s monomyth. The separationRead MoreThe Heroes Of The Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1292 Words   |  6 PagesEpics consists of benevolent or disastrous intervention from the supernatural world, and the superhuman capabilities that the heroes and antiheroes occupy. Tales like these represent the characteristics of what heroes are considered to be during the time they were written; however, they follow a specific formula, namely that the Gods intervene in the lives of the hero and, that the hero is burdened with a tragic flaw. In Virgil’s Aeneid, it is Aeneas’ dangerous disobedience to the ordinances of the

Who Developed The Apa Style Developed - 804 Words

Lakshmi-Hasanthi, Kandarpa Student ID# 111678 1. Who developed the APA Style? Why was the APA style developed? APA style was developed by social and behavioral scientists to standardize scientific writing. 2. APA research papers are divided into different sections? What are they? APA research papers are divided into the following sections: - Title page - Abstract - Introduction - Method - Results - Discussions - References - Appendices 3. Download any article of interest, and using your knowledge of the APA style, critique the paper to see if the author(s) used the APA style accurately. Support your answer with scholarly evidences. My area of interest is GIS where in an article titled â€Å"Volunteered Geographic Information and Crowd sourcing Disaster Relief: A Case Study of the Haitian Earthquake† which can be found at this link here http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2216649. I’ve uploaded the pdf critiqued separately for reference The paper did not follow these as per my observation - No double spacing - List of figures and tables not mentioned - List of abbreviations not mentioned The paper had the following: - Levels of heading properly followed - Title, abstract, introduction, citations properly done - Figures and tables properly labeled - Header, footer and page numbers present and indentation properly done - APA citation followed in references (in text citation appropriately done, web references and magazine references appropriately done )Show MoreRelatedWhy My Leadership Style Is The Application Of Critical Thinking757 Words   |  4 PagesThe APA section surprised me, because I did not think I had retain as much information about APA formatting. I had use MLA formatting style for three previous degrees and to begin using APA formatting style was quite challenging for me. I know this will be a section that I will refer back to for future courses. I was relieved to know my leadership style aligned with my purpose. I believe in being an example for others to follow and inspiring others to reach their goals. The most powerful learningRead MoreMy Knowledge Of Different Areas800 Words   |  4 Pageswas an APA style developed? APA was created 80 years ago by Social Scientist who wanted to establish a solid communication for many different purposes. Forentence, reading comprehension and clarity of communications. In APA style is solid writing rules. It is explained exactly the way it should be laid out forentence, punctuation, abbreviation, headers, citations references and page numbers. This is all important to compete for a nice presentation of the work you have completed. This style of writingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia810 Words   |  4 PagesPsychiatric Association [APA] 2013). A.2- Distracted with unfounded thoughts of disloyalty by friends, colleagues or family (APA, 2013). A.3- Believe words others say have some underlying negative meaning (APA, 2013). A.4- Hesitant to share information to others for fear it will be used against them (APA, 2013). A.5- Client has an unforgiving attitude and holds grudges against others (APA, 2013). A.6- Regards own reputation as under attack and quick to strike back at others (APA, 2013). A.7- SuspiciousRead MoreConcept Analysis : An Essential Part Of Nursing Theory Development1285 Words   |  6 PagesGiovacchini Chamberlain College of Nursing  Concept Analysis Concept Analysis is an essential part of nursing theory development. Analyzing concepts of theories assists the reader in defining the attributes of the theory as well as identifying key points developed in the theory. Concept analysis helps clarify theories and evaluate their meanings. Studying the concepts helps us define and explain relationships between nurses and patients and this produces nursing theories (Orem, Denyes Bekel, 2001). ThisRead MoreHealing Hospital: a Daring Paradigm1214 Words   |  5 Pagesthis writer. It identifies one who believes that Gods word is the truth. He is the forefront of all thinking. â€Å"And he is the head of the body, the church: who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence† (Colossians 1:18). The nature of the world around us varies with different parts of the world as with different religions. There is antagonism to Christianity as there is with science. There are those of us who are more of a concrete thinkerRead MoreA Residential School Legacy1002 Words   |  5 Pages(Petten, 2007, p. 22). The imposition of residential schools on First Nations children has led to significant loss of indigenous languages, and this language loss has led to further cultural losses for traditional First Nations cultures in Canada. 2 APA style requires page numbers only for direct quotations, but it encourages the use of page numbers even with paraphrased material. One far-reaching result of the residential school system is the loss of indigenous languages in Canada. A major cause ofRead MoreThe Self Assessment Test Is An Amazing Tool908 Words   |  4 Pagesreading something I enjoy(Bethel University, 2014 p. 9). I will continue to capitalize on my strong points, by always leading my soldiers with the highest standards, and always seeking more responsibilities. References: Bethel University. (n.d.) Unit 2: Who Are You? Retrieved from https://www.bethelunivesityonline.net Having solid communication skills is very crucial in our everyday lives, especially in my line of work. If we lack the ability or skills needed to communicate, we will never be able toRead MoreThe Great Literary Works of Solomon Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Old Testament by Eugene H. Merrill, it states that the psalms constitute the hymn book of Israel. Many psalms were sung and recited on festal occasions and probably even in homes and at work. Approximately half of the 150 were written by David, who it is evident, had great artistic abilities (1Chron. 13:8); a few were by Solomon, whose reputation also is well established in these pursuits (1 Kings 4:29-34); by Asaph, one of David’s court poets; and by the sons of Korah, another group of professionalRead MoreAn Internship Program With Evan Guthrie Law Firm1437 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctioning as a writer and an editor to myself. I learned to think critically, concisely, correctly, and in an appropriate style for the field of law. I learned to demonstrate dynamic and effective written communications skills. I developed transferable analytical skills. For instance, I had the chance to improve my ability to summarize, interpret, and evaluate complex texts. I developed transferable communication skills, such as revising and editing my own work. I learned to employ appropriate researchRead MoreChild Development Paper : Infant Development1257 Words   |  6 Pages(Payne Issacs, 2012). One of the stages that infant go through is the Late Infancy Stage. During the Late Infancy Stage, infants between 7-9 months reach many different milestones. As the infant grows and becomes aware of their surrounding the more developed they become. Infants discover new things daily and it is important to support their growth. Late Infancy stage involves the gross motor, fine motor, oral- motor, cognitive language, personal and social skills. It is good to make a note that not all

Wizard of Oz Free Essays

Wizard of Oz Interpretation The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a story about a girl named Dorothy who experiences a cyclone that takes her to a magical land of good and bad. When she is in this land she encounters a Scarecrow, Tin Man, and a Lion. These 3 characters are with her throughout the story and they go through different tough situations together. We will write a custom essay sample on Wizard of Oz or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the end they make their way to the Oz who grants their wishes and Dorothy goes back home. People say that this story is based off of populism, money reforms, and a political movement led by William Jennings Bryan. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is not intentionally written to be linked to the way the economy was because it is a children’s book, it is a made up story, and Baum, the author of the book, never stated that it was. In the article â€Å"The Story Behind The Wonderful Wizard of Oz† it explains how L. Frank Baum and William Jennings Bryan’s concern was the nature of the money supply then prevalent in the United States, and in the Mid-Western States in particular. Baum was featured in a movie called The Dreamer of Oz that showed how each character was thought of and how he had put the story together. For example, Dorothy was the name of a sweet little niece that he had which is how Dorothy from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz came about. Each character from the book was represented as someone that he had come across in his life at some point in time. In The Dreamer of Oz it shows how Baum enjoyed telling stories to his children and to the other kids that could come along. His wife would always bring it up to him that he needs to put it into the form of a book. Baum being the stubborn guy he was never really considered it. Sooner or later he finally realized that it all made sense and it all pieced together to become a story with no title. Baum sat down with his wife and mother in law and asked them for their opinion on what he should name the story. This is how the title of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz came about. Therefore Baum had written the book from experiences and people from his past not because of the way the economy was ran in the 1900s. Last but not least Baum never stated that his story was written to represent populism. In the article â€Å"The Story Behind The Wonderful Wizard of Oz† it explains how each character in the children’s book is represented by a problem that was occurring. For example, the Scarecrow is represented as the farmers and the Tin Man is represented as industrial workers. In the article it states that â€Å"Baum and Bryan wanted money to be based on silver, not gold, as silver was readily available in the Mid-West, where it was mined. Such a money supply could not be manipulated by the banks. Then from there it goes into explaining each part of the story and they link together. Just because Baum and Bryan had these views on the economy does not necessarily mean that he wrote this story secretly about it. In conclusion, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is not intentionally written to be linked to the way the economy was because it was written as a children’s book, it is a generally made up story that Baum had based off of his lifestyle, and he never stated that i t was intentionally written about the ways of being in the 1900s. How to cite Wizard of Oz, Papers

Is The “Bobby on the Beat” the Most Effective Way to Combat Crime Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Authoritative and avuncular. he was a symbol of a society at easiness with itself—and the public can’t get plenty of him. † ( Chesshyre 2000 p. 1 ) . Harmonizing to Robert Chesshyre. the British Bobby was a symbol of even-handed policing every bit good as a society sublimely at peace with itself. Though few would sort our current society as one at peace with itself. there are still some traces of that kind of patroling hanging on for beloved life. We see the bobby as wholly incorruptible ; a sentiment that is unluckily far. far. from the today’s constabulary world. Possibly this is why the British populace are demanding their darling officers on pes to police their streets and administer Swift justness for misdemeanors of the jurisprudence. What they are acquiring alternatively are immature officers in fast cars—in some instances even on Rollerblades—dashing here and at that place. The bobby’s strong legs have been replaced by wh eels. community bulls have been replaced by â€Å"intelligence officers scranching Numberss. † ( Chesshyre 2000 p. 1 ) . Is this image we hold beloved of the British Bobby merely that—a fugitive memory that is more a myth—or are its roots solid and as applicable to today’s offense and force as of all time? We must all hold that the bulls who patrolled their vicinities on pes surely knew their communities in ways that policemen in autos perfectly can non. When a offense was committed. the bobby could easy state the CID who had been seen imbibing with whom. who had all of a sudden come into money. or who had been combating with their married woman for hebdomads now. ( Chesshyre 2000 p. 1 ) . This sort of local cognition can be perfectly priceless in the resolution of offenses. The footing of the original bobby system of 1829. known as the Beat Patrol. was taken from the â€Å"military Shorncliffe system of little pass oning lookout patrols. † ( Metropolitan 2003 p. 1 ) . The original agreements had eight constables inspected by their Section Sergeant so marched to independent places in the Section. From there each would get down to police a little country of streets following a regular and consistent spiel. It was stated that the bobby should be able to see every portion of his ain round at least one time every 10 proceedingss. or one-fourth of an hr at the most. The all in bull was non allowed to speak to his fellow round bulls unless it was about a necessary affair of responsibility. He was non allowed to smoke on responsibility. and could non come in a saloon while on responsibility. During the 19Thursdaycentury. there were non even commissariats in topographic point for the bobby to take a interruption during his displacement. Finally. good into the 20Thursdaycentury. these officers equipped themselves with metal flasks which they would go forth following to the burners of the gas street visible radiations. This would supply them with a bracing cup of hot tea as their displacement went on into the dark. ( Metropolitan 2003 p. 1 ) . The â€Å"beat wheel† was a wooden-spoked wheel about two pess in diameter with a distance mensurating dial. Using this appliance it was estimated that the typical length of a round was about 20 stat mis long. While the â€Å"bobby on the beat† has long been the public’s ideal of patroling. it is highly manpower-intensive. By the 1970’s it seemed that the bobby on the round was going rarer and the populace complained that a constabulary officer could neer be found when needed. ( 2003 p. 2 ) . In the â€Å"golden yearss. † many of the bobbies were older work forces who had antecedently served in some subdivision of the forces. Possibly they had already had their needed epinephrine haste in the Second World War. and though they might hold been â€Å"autocratic. † by today’s criterions. they were besides rather likely less choleric. and less likely to believe that going a police officer was equal to one long high velocity pursuit as depicted on telecasting. ( Chesshyre 2000 p. 2 ) . Peoples crave that sense of security the bobby in their vicinity delivered twenty-four hours in and twenty-four hours out. In 1999 it was felt that there were even fewer constabulary policing London than of all time. To endorse up their beliefs. groups point to such incidences as this: when a group of hoods attacked two people on Christ’s Pieces in 1999 there were no constabulary on the scene. despite perennial calls to the Police Station. None appeared in clip. leting the pack to get away. and travel on to assail others. After a auto accident at the East Road/Mill junction. an ambulance arrived within 10 proceedingss. so 15 proceedingss subsequently a Police auto eventually turned up. These and other incidences led the populace to believe that the Parkside Police in peculiar have more of import things to make than react when people are in problem. ( Cambridge 2001 p. 3 ) . A â€Å"beat bobby experiment† in the twelvemonth 2000. seemed to neglect miserably. The undertaking. aimed at seting round policeman back on the streets. was dumped unceremoniously less than a twelvemonth subsequently. and their overall study findings stated that. contrary to outlooks: These were detering findings for those who still believed that the return of the bobby would bring around the ailments of their vicinities. Community policing. which takes advantage of the pes patrol bull has become an issue for argument in other states besides the UK. There are advocates of community policing. nevertheless who assert it has yet to make a really critical group—youth and immature grownups. Because this is the group that is the most likely to prosecute in condemnable behavior. this can be a serious error. The â€Å"warrior model† of patroling tends to estrange immature people from both the constabulary and from society itself. ( Foreman 2005 p. 1 ) . There are jobs involved in community policing. one of them being that in Houston. citizen meetings are about ever held in vicinity places. Because of this. engagement from inkinesss and young persons. who by and large lived in poorer places. was really low. Unfortunately in the theoretical accounts for community policing in the United States. the all in officers did non regularly attend regular meetings with the local citizens. go forthing them e xperiencing like the constabulary were non portion of their community patroling attempts. ( Foreman 2005 p. 2 ) . Research on this topic in 2004. show that with increased pes patrol. there was a 16 % year-on-year decrease in 2001 of personal robbery in the Centre of the metropolis compared to an otherwise 5 % addition across the force and 15 % addition across the UK overall. ( Crimereduction 2004 p. 1 ) . The initial purpose of the increased pes patrol was to â€Å"reduce intoxicant related upsets. to cut down street offense. to better constabulary visibleness and to turn to quality of life issues including fright of offense and reassurance. † ( Crimereduction 2004 p. 2 ) . The extra pes patrol were largely assigned on Friday and Saturday darks in the center of the metropolis. while the day-to-day pes patrol were fewer. but besides assigned to the city’s Centre. The officers were instructed to prosecute the populace. to be accessible to the populace. to dispute anti-social behaviours and to cover with wrongdoers. ( Crimereduction 2004 p. 2 ) . Areas with old high concentrations of offense. most particularly robberies. showed an immediate decrease in the figure of offenses committed. demoing the high visibleness of the pes patrol had an immediate and mensurable reaction. The survey continued through 2004. and each twelvemonth showed the bobbies to be extremely instrumental in diminishing offense on the streets. Although many people. most particularly those merchandises of the Sixties and Seventies. instinctively oppose policing and constabulary activities. the moving ridge of offense in the past few old ages has changed the heads of many. It has become impossible to go forth one’s house without hearing horror narratives of crime—both violent and every bit simple as burglaries. While unlike other states. most notably the United States. offense has fallen somewhat in Britain over the past five old ages. this is for offenses as a whole. Violent personal offenses are besides on the rise in Britain. See that the figure of exigency calls associating to violent offenses reached 2. 5 million in the twelvemonth 2002. This leads many citizens to kick about the absence of the bobby on the round. naming them an â€Å"endangered species. † ( Blair 2002 p. 1 ) . The figure one ground people want the return of the pes patrol constabulary is that it gives them a sense of security for their ain personal safety. Whereas in the general universe we have to wait for a offense to happen. so dial 911 and hope for the best. the cognition that close outside our places is a solid. reliable individual. doing certain our households are safe is a feeling that can non be duplicated. It has more and more become a duty of the constabulary to supply this sort of solid reassurance to its citizens in whatever manner they can. To this terminal. several intercessions have been applied. Many of these intercessions were â€Å"multifaceted and sought to turn to more than one facet of reassurance. † ( Dalgleish 2003 p. 1 ) . The most successful of these intercessions were based on bettering the visibleness and acquaintance of constabulary officers. and increased pes patrol produced the most positive consequences in that country. It was shown definitively that when pes patrols were added. public sentiment sing the constabulary improved. When pes patrols were dropped. merely the opposite occurred ; public sentiment plummeted. When more foot patrol is implemented. public assurance in the constabulary rose between 10 and 17 % . â€Å"Furthermore. 94 % of people were satisfied with the service given by round officers versus 83 % in comparing. † ( Dalgleish 2003 p. 2 ) . The concluding consequences of the intercessions were really solid in turn toing the public’s feelings and perceptual experiences of safety. The increased pes patrol caused citizens to hold a greatly improved perceptual experience of safety. and over two-thirds of the respondents felt safer entirely because of the pes patrol plan. The presence or absence of Guardian Angels ( voluntary. weapon-free citizen patrols ) on metros had small or no impact on passengers’ overall frights for their safety. ( Dalgleish 2003 p. 3 ) . It can pretty much be deducted from these intercessions that the add-on of round bulls has mensurable and important impact on citizens. It was seemingly a combination of constabulary leaders and authorities who teamed up to do a near-extinction of the pes patrol police officers. There was some grounds that random pes patrol failed to discourage felons. and there was besides a demand to give progressively more and more resources to look intoing more complex offenses. The two of these together caused a drastic decrease in the figure of constabularies on consecutive pes patrol. Bill Bratton. Commissioner of the New York Police Department from 1994 to 1996. is the alleged discoverer of the â€Å"zero tolerance† policy. and during his reign there was a startling decrease in offense in New York. Murders fell from about 2. 500 per twelvemonth to fewer than 1. 000. shots from about 6. 000 to fewer than 3. 000. robberies from 85. 000 to hardly 50. 000. All in all. in Bratton’s last twelvemonth in office. New York had 200. 000 fewer offense victims than in his first twelvemonth. ( Blair 2002 p. 2 ) . Sing these Numberss. the British neighbours across the Atlantic wondered if those Numberss could. in fact. translate to the UK. It should be noted that Bratton had five factors working in his favour ; First he had across the board support ; the New York he stepped into had gotten reasonably bad. The city’s metros were virtually unserviceable because of subway force. drug trades were go oning literally on every street corner. and the slaying rate was higher than anyplace else in the universe. Peoples were afraid for their lives. therefore Bratton had absolute political support. most notably from Mayor Rudolph Giuliani. Basically. whatever Bratton wanted. Giuliani gave him. When Bratton took over as Commissioner. there were some 27. 000 constabulary officers ; by the clip he left there were 42. 000. ( Blair 2002 p. 3 ) . A 2nd point working in Bratton’s favour was that prosecuting officers in the U. S. are required to confront election. hence if the city manager and constabulary head were all for haling in the bad cats. so so were the territory lawyers. Third. the NYPD direction happened to be wide-open for betterment. Fourth. Bratton favored the â€Å"broken windows† theory which suggests there is a causal nexus between tolerance of harm to the environment and the incidence of offense. which led Bratton to be wholly intolerant of graffito. hooliganism. unfastened drug dealing and even aggressive beggary. ( Blair 2002 p. 3 ) . The concluding piece of Bratton’s attack was that he perfectly believed in his force. and made it clear on his first twenty-four hours that the NYPD could and would cut down offense. So. could Bratton’s schemes for a drastic decrease in offense work in the United Kingdom every bit good? In an article entitled â€Å"The Failure of Britain’s Police. † farther comparings were made between London’s constabularies and that of New York. The alterations in the policing of street offenses in London has sometimes taken the signifier of the near-urgent steps. In February 2002. â€Å"Operation Safer Streets† put 5000 excess officers in the nine London boroughs. At an estimated cost of 14. 500 lbs for each mugging prevented. the â€Å"surging offense on London’s streets was really cut back—but merely to a figure that was still about a ten percent higher than it had been even in the mugging-plagued twelvemonth of 2000. † ( Kelling 2002 p. 7 ) New York’s scheme was merely to systematically use more constabularies officers—and non merely any constabulary officers. but those policing their beats on pes. systematically looking out for the involvements of the people they were sworn to protect. Merely 32 per centum of London’s occupants have any assurance that the constabulary protect the rights of the victims. a job that functionaries tried repeatedly to turn to. England’s constabularies began trying to go forth â€Å"trivial† offense and upset to take attention of itself. thereby leting the constabulary to concentrate on more serious offenses. ( Kelling 2002 p. 16 ) . Because of the changeless attending and the public’s demand of the return of the bobby. one Chief Inspector did set round officers in his community. so warned citizens that because they were non in constabulary autos. a response could take literally several yearss. ( Kelling 2002 p. 17 ) . Though he was being slightly ba ntering. there was some truth in his statement. Though all of England would wish to return to the bobby on the round. the world of today’s universe is that it is merely non every bit practical as it one time was because of the immense countries necessary to cover. By 2002. while New York was acquiring a clasp on the offense state of affairs. London was non. In 2002 in New York there were some 68 reported robberies per 100 officers ; a figure that while twice the rate of 1955 was still merely a one-fourth of the rate of 1993. By contrast. London’s rate was 105 robberies for each 100 constabulary officers during the same clip period. Because of these Numberss. the bobby on the round became a near-impossibility. Most of the on the job constabulary officers had to pass their clip responding to offenses already committed. so finishing paperwork affecting those offenses afterwards. â€Å"Preventive round policing was a pipe dream or a intentionally delusory political promise. † ( Kelling 2002 p. 17 ) . Following closely on the heels of 911 in the United States. street offense in London began to lift and by Christmas. the rise in street offenses everyplace except Westminster was stupefying. There was an about 54 percent addition in robberies during this clip period from the old twelvemonth. taking to an addition in the sum of constabulary officers policing the London country. The Numberss were merely non plenty. and the people took advantage of a little-known jurisprudence in London that allows the people to put up their ain constabulary forces if they desire. Literally 100s of citizens were now being seen walking the round of their ain vicinities. Their powers are limited ; they can manus out fixed-penalty tickets for minor upsets. but can non do apprehensions. and can non give grounds in tribunal. â€Å"They will supply a lasting. seeable patrol service. forestalling the low-level upset that leads to more serious offense. † ( Blair 2002 p. 3 ) . The Numberss of these community constabulary are swelling. and they are known as the PCSO or Police Community Support Officers. The Government has made support available for approximately 1. 000 PCSO’s for Greater Manchester. nevertheless this tendency seems to be doing experient constabulary officers to go forth their occupations. feeling they are non acquiring the acknowledgment they deserve. ( Wright 2004 p. 1 ) . Some 230 officers departed the Greater Manchester Police Force due to the diligence of the PCSO’s. One officer noted that â€Å"I have nil against these work forces and adult females. but it truly is patroling on the cheap. From the people I speak to. the public truly want more existent constabulary officers. non fewer. on the round. † ( Wright 2004 p. 1 ) . In add-on. the PCSO’s have been mocked by the yellow journalisms and called â€Å"plastic police officers. † every bit good as enduring the bitterness and intuition from the regular officers who feel that â€Å"well-trained staff will be replaced by powerless novitiates with merely a month’s preparation under their belt. † ( Branigan 2004 p. 1 ) . In Belgravia. nevertheless. both the occupants and concern people say the mere presence of PCSO’s is adequate to cut offense rates. ( Branigan 2004 p. 3 ) . The aged as a group are peculiarly cognizant of the deficiency of the bobby from the yesteryear in their vicinities. A survey done within the past twelvemonth shows that over 25 million people are extremely worried about offense. and that a 3rd of these would impute their degree of anxiousness to the falling degrees of seeable patroling in their vicinities. While the Home Office plans to set 24. 000 community support officers and 12. 000 new pes patrol officers on the round by 2008. the latest findings show that the worsening presence of the constabulary in their vicinities top the list of concerns. most particularly in the aged. Aged people are most likely to worry about the deficiency of vicinity tickers in their countries. and believe offense is on the rise more frequently when there is a deficiency of seeable patroling in their vicinity. ( Legal 2006 p. 1 ) . Another experiment. known as the Flint Experiment attempted to turn to the undermentioned three issues as related to pick patrol bulls: 1 ) The absence of comprehensive vicinity organisations and services. 2 ) the deficiency of citizen engagement in offense bar and 3 ) the depersonalisation of interactions between officers and occupants. Twenty-two pes patrol officers were assigned to fourteen experimental countries which included about 20 per centum of the city’s population. There were seven basic ends to be addressed by these officers on pes: In the Flint experiment. the motor patrol officers still perceived societal services as â€Å"an raging interlude between periods of â€Å"real constabulary activity—pursuit. probe. apprehension ; pes officers enjoyed a comprehensive. integrated and realistic sense of their function in their accent on societal service as portion of community-based offense control. † ( Trojanowicz 1985 p. 3 ) . The motor officers tended to jump between periods of inaction and intense periods filled with pandemonium and craze. The pes officers maintained a more consistent degree of activity. Motor officers tended non to use their accomplishments during â€Å"down† times. while foot officers â€Å"not merely exercised their proactive accomplishments continuously. but they developed and nurtured new endowments in their community†¦ . † ( Trojanowicz 1985 p. 3 ) . Though the bobby on the round seems to be a leftover of the long ago yesteryear. it is still a leftover that the bulk of us look to with yearning of a simpler. easier clip. Plants Cited BBC News. ( 2004 ) .Beat bobby experiment ‘fails. ’Retrieved December 7. 2006 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. intelligence. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/england/north-yorkshire/3175828. short-term memory Blair. Ian ( September 23. 2002 ) .The Patroling Revolution: Back to the Beat ; the Battle Against Crime is Far From Hopeless. From the New Statesman. Volume 131. Issue 4606. Retrieved December 9. 2006 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? action=print A ; docId=5000837372 Branigan. Tania. ( July 13. 2004 ) .‘Plastic police’ prove their worth on the round.Retrieved December 11. 2006 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. defender. co. uk/spending. review/story/0. . 1260078. 00. hypertext markup language Cambridge: Policing. ( October 2001 ) .Policing- or instead the arresting deficiency of it. Retrieved December 9. 2006 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. iankitching. me. uk/history/cam/police. hypertext markup language Chesshyre. Robert. ( 2000 ) .The NS Profile of the British Bobby.From The New Statesman. Volume 129. Issue 4484. Retrieved December 11. 2006 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com Crimereduction. ( March 2004 ) .Research Findingss: The Impact of High Visibility Patrols on Personal Robbery.Retrieved December 12. 2006 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. crimereduction. gov. uk/securedesign/securedesign25. htm Dalgleish. David. ( 2003 ) .Reassuring the populace: a reappraisal of international policing intercessions. Retrieved December 11. 2006 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. homeoffice. gov. uk/rds/pdf504/r241. pdf Forman. James ( 2005 ) .Community Policing and Youth as Assets.From Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. Volume 95. Issue 1. Retrieved December 10. 2006 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com Kelling. George L. ( 2002 ) .The Failure of Britain’s Police.Retrieved December 6. 2006 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. civitas. org. uk/pdf/c526. pdf Laycock. Gloria ( 2001 ) .Crime Prevention Policy and Government Research: A Comparison of the United States and United Kingdom.From The International Journal of Comparative Sociology. Retrieved December 11. 2006 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? action=print A ; docId=5001027820 Legal and General ( 2006 ) .Aged fright fewer bobbies on the round. Retrieved December 4. 2006 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. legalandgeneralgroupcom/media-centre/press- releases/2006/q1/2006. 03-22. hypertext markup language Metropolitan Police ( 2003 ) .Beat Patrol. Retrieved December 9. 2006 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. met. constabulary. uk/history/beat_patrol. htm Trojanowicz. Robert C. ( 1985 ) .The Impact of Foot Patrol on Black and White Percepts of Patroling.Retrieved December 11. 2006 from the National Center For Community Patroling. Retrieved December 9. 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. policing. com/articles/pdf. Tulsa. pdf. Wright. Wes. ( 2004 ) .The new manner of bobby on the round.Retrieved December 11. 2006 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thisislancashire. co. uk/news/localnews/display. volt-ampere. 7545230. 0